Acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and influenza remain the most prevalent infectious diseases, affecting a significant portion of the population each year. They account for up to 95% of all viral infections. Despite the development of post-infectious immunity, influenza viruses exhibit high variability due to antigenic drift and shift, leading to annual epidemics. In this regard, prevention plays a crucial role in reducing morbidity, alleviating symptoms, and preventing complications.

Epidemiological Characteristics of ARVI and Influenza

ARVI and influenza are primarily transmitted by airborne droplets and through contact with contaminated surfaces. Their seasonal occurrence varies depending on regional climate conditions:

• Northern Hemisphere – peak incidence occurs in the autumn-winter period.
• Southern Hemisphere – outbreaks are more common in the autumn-summer period.
• Tropical regions – virus circulation occurs year-round without pronounced seasonality.

Given the current climate conditions and virus circulation, influenza cases may persist through late March, particularly in regions with prolonged winters.

Approaches to Influenza and ARVI Prevention

Preventive measures are divided into specific and non-specific categories. Their combination ensures the highest effectiveness in reducing morbidity.

Specific Prevention: Vaccination

Vaccination is the most effective method of influenza protection. The optimal time for vaccination is autumn (September-November); however, it remains beneficial even later, as long as the virus is circulating. The composition of the influenza vaccine is updated annually based on WHO forecasts.

Classification of Influenza Vaccines

Currently, three main types of influenza vaccines are used:

1.    Live attenuated vaccines (whole-virion) – contain weakened viruses and induce a strong immune response.

2.    Split vaccines (inactivated, split-virion) – contain fragmented viral particles, offering reduced reactogenicity.

3.    Subunit vaccines – contain only surface antigens of the virus and are the safest for individuals with immunodeficiencies.

High-Risk Groups for Mandatory Vaccination

• Preschool and school-age children
• Students, healthcare, and teaching professionals
• People over 60 years old
• Individuals with chronic respiratory, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases
• Pregnant women
• People with immunodeficiencies

Non-Specific Prevention: Strengthening Immunity

To enhance overall body resistance, the following measures are recommended:

• Balanced nutrition with sufficient vitamins and minerals (Vitamins C, D, Zinc)
• Regular physical activity (walking, swimming, moderate cardio exercises)
• Hardening procedures (contrast showers, air baths)
• Proper work-rest balance and adequate sleep
• Stress management and emotional well-being

Hygiene Measures During Epidemics

• Wearing protective masks in crowded places
• Regular hand washing and use of sanitizers
• Ventilation and wet cleaning of indoor spaces
• Minimizing contact with infected individuals

Treatment of Influenza and ARVI: Modern Recommendations

If illness develops, the following treatment principles should be observed:

1.    Bed rest during the acute period (especially for the first 3–4 days).

2.    Etiotropic therapy:

o   Neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir) are effective against influenza.

o   Direct-acting antiviral drugs (umifenovir, inosine pranobex) may be used for ARVI.

3.    Symptomatic therapy:

o   Antipyretics (paracetamol, ibuprofen).

o   Mucolytics and expectorants for cough.

o   Nasal decongestants for severe nasal congestion.

4.    Adequate hydration – consuming large amounts of fluids (fruit drinks, warm tea, water).

5.    Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic use – antibiotics should only be prescribed for bacterial complications (pneumonia, sinusitis, otitis media).

Possible Influenza Complications

Influenza can lead to serious complications, particularly in high-risk individuals. The most common complications include:

• Pneumonia (viral or bacterial)
• Myocarditis, pericarditis
• Neurological complications (encephalitis, meningitis)
• Exacerbation of chronic diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes, heart failure)

Conclusion

Preventing ARVI and influenza requires a comprehensive approach that includes vaccination, immune system strengthening, and hygiene measures. In case of illness, it is important to seek medical attention in a timely manner and avoid self-medication. Only a conscious approach to health can reduce the risk of infection and prevent complications.